work
nounUK /wɜːk/ · US /wɝk/
Etymology
From Middle English work, werk, from Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”). Cognates Cognate with Scots wark (“work”), North Frisian werk (“work”), Saterland Frisian Wierk (“work”), West Frisian wurk (“work”), Dutch werk (“work”), German Werk (“work”), German Low German Wark (“work”), Luxembourgish Wierk (“work”), Danish værk (“work”), Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish verk (“work”); also Breton ober (“to do, make”), Cornish gul, gwul (“to do, make”), Irish and Scottish Gaelic fearg (“anger”), Manx ferg (“anger”), Pictish ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, “he made”), Welsh gwneud, neud (“to do, make”), Greek έργο (érgo, “work”), Albanian argëtim (“entertainment; fun, pleasure”), argëtoj (“to amuse, entertain”), Lithuanian váržas (“fish snaring net”), Macedonian врша (vrša, “fish-trap”), Polish wiersza (“fish-trap”), Russian and Ukrainian ве́рша (vérša, “fish-trap”), Serbo-Croatian вр̑ша, vȓša (“fish-trap”), Slovak and Slovene vrša (“fish-trap”), Aghwan 𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵 (borz, “labour, work”), Armenian գործ (gorc, “work”), Northern Kurdish werz (“bed, field, patch; season”), Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰 (vər^əz, “to do, work”), Persian ورز (varz, “art, craft, trade”), ورزه (varze, “art, profession, trade”), ورزیدن (varzidan, “to exercise; to train; to work”), Tocharian B warkṣäl (“energy, power, strength”). English cognates include bulwark, boulevard, energy, erg, georgic, liturgy, metallurgy, organ, surgeon, wright. Doublet of erg and ergon.
19 senses
- 1Labour, occupation, job.
- 2The place where one is employed.
- 3One's employer.
- 4A factory; a works.
- 5Effort expended on a particular task.
- 6Sustained effort to overcome obstacles and achieve a result.
- 7Something on which effort is expended.
- 8Cosmetic surgery.
- 9Prison gang violence.
- 10A measure of energy expended in moving an object; most…
- 11A measure of energy that is usefully extracted from a…
- 12The result of a particular manner of production.
- 13Something produced using the specified material or tool.
- 14A literary, artistic, or intellectual production; a…
- 15A fortification.
- 16The staging of events to appear as real.
- 17Ore before it is dressed.
- 18The equipment needed to inject a drug (syringes…
- 19The confident attitude of a drag queen.
› Employment.
Labour, occupation, job.
- My work involves a lot of travel.
- Come on Neriſſa, I haue worke in hand / That you yet know not of; wee'll ſee our husbands / Before they thinke of vs?c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv], page 177, column 1:
2 more examples
- And in euery worke that he began[…]he did it with all his heart, and prospered.1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Chronicles 31:21:
- Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew’s cap and bells.1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 257:
The place where one is employed.
- He hasn’t come home yet; he’s still at work.
Broadly One's employer.
- I want to go to the reunion concert, but I'm not sure if my work will give me the time off.
Dated A factory; a works.
- In trials of a Martin furnace in a steel work at Remscheiden, Germany, a lining of zirconia was found in good condition after […]1917, Platers' Guide, page 246:
› Effort.
Effort expended on a particular task.
- Holding a brick over your head is hard work. It takes a lot of work to write a dictionary.
- Fifteen years of hard work went into the property's creation, which was undertaken by a legion of architects, designers, preservation and restoration experts, engineers, consultants, and artists.2026 May 23, Julie Coe, “The Rest is History”, in Architectural Digest, volume 83, number 4, page 36:
Sustained effort to overcome obstacles and achieve a result.
- We know what we must do. Let's go to work.
- We don't have much time. Let's get to work piling up those sandbags.
1 more example
- The Bat—they called him the Bat. Like a bat he chose the night hours for his work of rapine; like a bat he struck and vanished, pouncingly, noiselessly; like a bat he never showed himself to the face of the day.1920, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Avery Hopwood, chapter I, in The Bat: A Novel from the Play (Dell Book; 241), New York, N.Y.: Dell Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 01:
Something on which effort is expended.
- There's lots of work waiting for me at the office.
› Effort. › Something on which effort is expended.
Euphemistic Cosmetic surgery.
- has had a lot of work done
- Luckily, our eyes have grown accustomed after decades of Botox, fillers and extreme “work” going mainstream, so we don’t notice the weirdness and read it instead as maximum hotness. Thank you, progress!2025 May 20, Marina Hyde, “Was this a hen do or a humanitarian mission to liberate Paris? Either way, give Lauren Sánchez an award”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:
Slang Prison gang violence.
- putting in work
› Effort.
Natural sciences, Physical sciences, Physics A measure of energy expended in moving an object; most commonly, force times distance. No work is done if the object does not move.
- Work is done against friction to drag a bag along the ground.
Natural sciences, Physical sciences, Physics Broadly A measure of energy that is usefully extracted from a process: applied productively.
- Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latin turbo, meaning "vortex", and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that can perform useful work.2013 July-August, Lee S. Langston, “The Adaptable Gas Turbine”, in American Scientist:
› Product; the result of effort.
In compounds, Often The result of a particular manner of production.
- There's a lot of guesswork involved.
In compounds, Often Something produced using the specified material or tool.
- We've got some paperwork to do before we can get started. The piece was decorated with intricate filigree work.
A literary, artistic, or intellectual production; a creative work.
- It is a work of art.
- the poetic works of Alexander Pope
3 more examples
- To leaue no Rubs nor Botches in the Worke:c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], page 140, column 2:
- The haſty multitude / Admiring enter'd, and the work ſome praiſe / And ſome the Architect:1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 730–732:
- “[…] We are engaged in a great work, a treatise on our river fortifications, perhaps? But since when did army officers afford the luxury of amanuenses in this simple republic?[…]”1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
A fortification.
- William the Conqueror fortified many castles, throwing up new ramparts, bastions and all manner of works.
Government, Hobbies, Lifestyle, Martial arts, Military, Politics, Professional wrestling, Sports, War, Wrestling Slang The staging of events to appear as real.
Slang The equipment needed to inject a drug (syringes, needles, swabs etc.)
- Tell me you're using clean works at least.
- He gave me a sour look. “All right is it? Well, you shoot some then.” I cooked up a grain and got out my works ready to take the shot.1977 [1953], William S. Burroughs, edited by Allen Ginsberg, Junky, Penguin Books, →ISBN, pages 25–26:
2 more examples
- If you buy new works, clean them before using them. If you share works, clean them before you or the next person uses them. Blood may be in your works even if you can't see it. Clean your works either with rubbing alcohol (available in drugstores), a household bleach solution (three tablespoons of bleach in a cup of water), or boiling water.1996, Paul Harding Douglas with Laura Pinsky, The Essential AIDS Fact Book, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 25:
- While in San Francisco, where the AIDS crisis was particularly devastating, they saw numerous public awareness signs reading “Bleach Your Works” posted around the city, urging IV drug users to clean their needles with bleach to help staunch the spread of the disease.2009, Gillian G. Gaar, The Rough Guide to Nirvana, Rough Guides UK, →ISBN:
The confident attitude of a drag queen.
- All told, werk is about creativity, virtuosity, and a certain kind of mastery.2018 April 17, madison moore, Fabulous: The Rise of the Beautiful Eccentric, Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 27:
- If the voice coming out of my body is legibly male, it complicates my presence. The work starts to approach that mysterious state of werq.2022 January 25, Monique Jenkinson, Faux Queen: A Life in Drag, Bywater Books, →ISBN:
- Antonyms
- hobby
- Derived terms
709 terms
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piecework, piece-work, pilework, pink-collar work, pipework, plain work, plasterwork, playwork, plotwork, pointework, pointwork, pokerwork, policework, police work, postwork, prework, primary work, proof of work, proudwork, public works, punchwork, put in the work, put to work, quickwork, quillwork, rackwork, ragwork, rangework, redwork, reedwork, reference work, remote work, resist work, right to work, ringwork, road work, roadwork, rockwork, rootwork, ropework, rotework, roughwork, rubbed work, rubblework, runework, rustic-work, Sabrina work, sale of work, salework, saltwork, saltworks, sank work, sawnwork, scalework, scarletwork, schoolwork, scratchwork, screenwork, scrollwork, scutwork, scut work, seatwork, secondary work, set to work, sex work, shadow work, sheetwork, shellwork, shift work, shiftwork, shitwork, shopwork, show one's work, sidework, siegework, silkwork, silverwork, Sindhwork, sleuthwork, slopwork, smelting works, smithwork, soapworks, social work, Sorrento work, soundwork, sourcework, space work, spadework, spatterwork, spearwork, speedwork, spell-work, spell work, spellwork, spindlework, splatterwork, splintwork, splitwork, spritework, spywork, stairwork, steelwork, steelworks, stencil work, stepwork, stickwork, stitchwork, stockwork, stonework, stoop work, stop-work, strapwork, stream-work, streamwork, stream-works, streamworks, streetwork, strike work, stroke of work, stuccowork, studwork, stumpwork, stuntwork, summer-work, swash-work, swordwork, tabernacle work, tablework, tap of work, taskwork, task-work, teamwork, telework, tertiary work, the devil makes work for idle hands, idle hands make work for the Devil, idle hands make work for the devil, the Devil finds work for idle hands, the devil finds work for idle hands, the Devil makes work for idle hands, the Lord's work, thirsty work, threadwork, tilework, timberwork, timework, time-work, time work, tinwork, tongue-work, topwork, torchwork, trackwork, tradework, trancework, trellis-work, trellis work, trelliswork, trenchwork, trestlework, trimwork, trusswork, truss-work, trywork, try work, try-work, tubework, Tula work, tut-work, undeclared work, underwork, unwork, upperworks, vasework, veinwork, velvet work, voicework, voluntary work, wagework, wand-work, wand work, wandwork, war work, waterwork, water works, waterworks, wattlework, waxwork, webwork, weisure, welfare-to-work, westwork, wet work, wetwork, wheelwork, white-collar work, whitework, wickerwork, wicker-work, wifework, wirework, women's work, wonderwork, woodwork, woolwork, woolworks, workability, workable, work-a-day, workaday, workaholic, workalcoholic, workalike, workamping, workaround, work-athon, workathon, workbag, workbasket, workbench, workboard, workboat, workbook, workboot, work bowl, workbox, work-brittle, work-camp, work camp, workcamp, workcamper, workcation, work day, workday, work dog, work envelope, work environment, workery, work ethic, work experience, workface, workfare, work farm, workfellow, workflow, workfolk, workforce, work force, workfree, work front, workful, work function, workgang, workgirl, workglove, workgroup, workhand, work hardening, work history, workhome, workhorse, workhour, workhouse, work house, work husband, workie, work-in, work in process, work-in-process, work in progress, work-in-progress, work-intensive, workish, workiversary, workless, worklet, work-life, work life, work-life balance, worklike, workling, worklist, workload, worklog, workloom, workly, workman, work management, work marriage, work-master, workmaster, workmate, workmistress, work-mistress, workname, worknight, work of art, work of fiction, work of necessity, work order, workout, workover, workpan, workpants, workpaper, work party, workpeople, work permit, workperson, workphobia, workphobic, workpiece, workplace, work placement, work platform, workprint, work product, work rage, workrate, work release, workroom, work rule, works, work-safe, workscreen, workseeker, work shadowing, workshare, workshed, worksheet, work shift, workshift, workship, workshirt, workshoe, workshop, workshy, worksite, worksome, worksona, work song, worksong, workspace, work spouse, workstand, workstation, work station, workstead, work stealing, workstock, workstone, work-stone, workstrand, workstream, work-study, work-study program, workstyle, worksurface, work-table, worktable, worktext, work time, worktime, work-tool, worktool, worktop, work-to-rule, work train, work triangle, work unit, work-up, workup, workwear, workweek, work wife, workwise, workwoman, workword, workworn, worky, workyard, work zone, wristwork, yardwork, yeoman's work, youth work- Related terms
- -ing, instrument, occupation
- Hypernyms
- activity