red meaning: definition, etymology and quotations

red

intjalso spelled RED, Red

CA, US, UK /ɹɛd/ · AU, NZ /ɹed/

Etymology

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- Proto-Indo-European *-ós Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós Proto-Germanic *raudaz Proto-West Germanic *raud Old English rēad Middle English red English red Inherited from Middle English red, from Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from *h₁rewdʰ- + *-ós. Cognates See also West Frisian read, Low German root, rood, rot, rod, Dutch rood, German rot, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål rød, Norwegian Nynorsk raud, Swedish röd, Faroese reyður, Icelandic rauður; also Welsh rhudd, Latin ruber, rufus, Tocharian A rtär, Tocharian B ratre, Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Albanian pruth (“redhead”), Russian ру́дый (rúdyj) ("red", "redhaired"). Czech rudý, Lithuanian raúdas, Finnish rauta, Estonian raud, Serbo-Croatian riđ ("reddish", "red"), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita), Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá, “red, bloody”).

BDSM, Lifestyle, Sexuality Used to indicate that the speaker wishes current sexual activity to stop immediately.

Related terms: primary colour

Red

noun

A Communist.

The 5th “Red” army corps is also making for Wuting while the 9th “Red” army corps is preparing bamboo rafts for crossing the Kin Sha Kiang (River) northwards to invade south-western Szechuan.1935 May 18, “Gen. Chiang Kai-shek Urges Full Development of Resources in Yunnan”, in The China Weekly Review, volume 72, number 12, →OCLC, page 385, column 1:
The policeman who arrests the "Red" does not understand the theories the "Red" is preaching; if he did, his own position as bodyguard of the monied class might seem less pleasant to him.1941, George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn, Pt. I:

4 more examples

A Defense Ministry communique said 40 Communist craft were sighted Tuesday off Peikantang, a tiny island in the Matsu group, but fled when the island's guns opened fire. The Matsus are off the Red port of Foochow, opposite the northern tip of Formosa.1954 September 30, “Nationalist Forces Rout 40 Red Boats”, in The Washington Post and Times Herald, volume 77, number 299, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:
First reports were that the Reds, in five gunboats and swarms of junks, succeeded in landing on tiny Wuchiu in Formosa Strait, but were beaten off with many captured.[…] The attack on Wuchiu, a mile-long, half-mile-wide island 15 miles off the mainland, was the first amphibious operation by the Reds since they began boasting last summer they would "liberate" Formosa.1954 November 27, “Red Assault on Tiny Isle Beaten Off, Say Nationalists”, in The Daily Colonist, volume 96, number 294, Victoria, British Columbia, page 1, columns 6, 7:
Teng left China just before the Red takeover to come to this country.1963 December 18, Chinatown News, page 12:
Sixty knots? No way, Barnes. The Reds don't have anything that fast.1989, James Cameron, The Abyss (motion picture):

A supporter of a sports team who wears red as part of their kit.

Board games, Games, Xiangqi The player moving the red pieces.

When the Chief Arbiter announces the start of the game, the player taking Black will press the clock, and Red would make his move before pressing the clock.2018 April 23, “World XiangQi Rules”, in World Xiangqi Federation, archived from the original on 02 Jan 2026, page 13:

RED

adj

red (hair color).

On government documents

red

noun

Etymology

15 senses

1The colour of the setting sun, blood, and strawberries…
2A revolutionary socialist or (most commonly) a…
3One of the 15 red balls used in snooker, distinguished…
4Red wine.
5Any of several varieties of ale which are brewed with…
6A red variety of an animal, such as a red kangaroo or a…
7A redshank.
8An American Indian.
9The drug secobarbital; a capsule of this drug.
10A red light (a traffic signal)
11Red lemonade
12One of the three color charges for quarks.
13Chili con carne (usually in the phrase "bowl of red").
14The redfish or red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, a fish…
15Tomato ketchup.

The colour of the setting sun, blood, and strawberries; the colour which is evoked by the longest visible wavelengths (between about 625–740 nm), and a primary additive colour.

Red can be seen as hot or angry.
And although we’ve certainly seen a variety of blue shades — from periwinkle to cobalt and even Dean Cain’s indigo-washed costume from the 1990’s TV show “Lois & Clark” — Superman’s uniform is still instantly recognizable across generations. In fact, there is only one film — Zack Snyder’s 2013 “Man of Steel” — in which Superman does not wear his iconic red belted trunks.2025 February 21, Leah Dolan, “How the Superman ‘S’ became fashion’s favorite logo”, in CNN:

1 more example

Red No. 3, red No. 40, blue No. 2 and green No. 3 all have been linked with cancer or tumors in animals. Other sources say red No. 40 and yellow No. 5 and No. 6 contain or may be contaminated with known carcinogens.2025 March 29, Kristen Rogers, “Over half of US states are trying to eliminate food dyes. Here’s what you can do now”, in CNN:

A revolutionary socialist or (most commonly) a Communist; (usually capitalized) a Bolshevik, a supporter of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War.

Ball games, Games, Hobbies, Lifestyle, Snooker, Sports One of the 15 red balls used in snooker, distinguished from the colours.

Red wine.

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.1977 September, Billy Joel, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, in The Stranger:
He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.2005, Jeffrey P. Landry, Temptation Mango:

1 more example

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.2008 January–February, “70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, in Men's Health, volume 23, number 1, →ISSN, page 135:

Any of several varieties of ale which are brewed with red or kilned malt, giving the beer a red colour.

American reds and doppelbocks are heavy lagers as well. It really comes down to how the beer was made. Beyond that, brewers are immensely creative and have developed styles of both ale and lager that run a wide range of attributes.2012 June 5, Howard Stelzer, Beer Cocktails: 50 Superbly Crafted Cocktails that Liven Up Your Lagers and Ales, Harvard Common Press, →ISBN:
No other country has a brewing tradition as richly diverse as that of Belgium, with beers ranging from pleasant pale lagers to wild, winelike Flemish reds and lambics.2016 April 1, Lonely Planet, Helena Smith, Andy Symington, Donna Wheeler, Lonely Planet Belgium & Luxembourg, Lonely Planet, →ISBN:

Informal A red variety of an animal, such as a red kangaroo or a red squirrel.

Biology, Birdwatching, Natural sciences, Ornithology UK, Informal A redshank.

Derogatory, Offensive An American Indian.

Slang The drug secobarbital; a capsule of this drug.

What in the world ever became of sweet Jane? / She lost her sparkle, you know she isn't the same / Livin' on reds, vitamin C, and cocaine1970, “Truckin'”, in American Beauty, performed by Grateful Dead:
The big market, these days, is in Downers. Reds and smack—Seconal and heroin—and a hellbroth of bad domestic grass sprayed with everything from arsenic to horse tranquillizers.1971, Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Harper Perennial, published 2005, page 202:

1 more example

“Whatchu got, man?” / “Reds, bennies, dexies, yellow jackets, demmies.” / “Yeah, demmies're good shit, man. I pay you. Fuck. I got money. I'm hurting inside. Got beat up. Where my money?”1998, Jeffery Deaver, The Coffin Dancer, New York, NY: Pocket Books, published 2021, →ISBN, page 285:

Informal A red light (a traffic signal)

Stopping on the red, you're going on the green / Cause tonight will be like nothing you've ever seen / And you're barreling down the boulevard / You're looking for the heart of Saturday night1974, Tom Waits, “(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night”, in The Heart of Saturday Night:

Beverages, Food, Lifestyle Ireland, UK, Informal Red lemonade

Natural sciences, Physical sciences, Physics Particle One of the three color charges for quarks.

US, Colloquial Chili con carne (usually in the phrase "bowl of red").

Houston visited a home in an early pioneer settlement where he was offered a bowl of red. Houston eagerly took his first large spoonful. His eyes watering, he spat out his bite […]1982, The Rotarian, volume 140, number 1, page 39:

Informal The redfish or red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, a fish with reddish fins and scales.

The species Sciaenops ocellatus certainly isn’t lacking for nicknames.[…] Clear water also favors sightcasting. Against the dark background of marsh mud, a red will appear like a pumpkin — big, orange and round.2013 November, Catch Cormier, “Sightcasting for redfish”, in Louisiana Sportsman:

Slang Tomato ketchup.

I squeeze some red out over my chips and feel guilty. Nothing is as English as Heinz ketchup in the sauce game, except perhaps HP.2016, Jon Bounds, Danny Smith, Pier Review: A Road Trip in Search of the Great British Seaside:

Synonyms: carmine, cinnabar, claret, crimson, rosé, scarlet, vermilion
Derived terms: 31 terms
antired, beet red, blood red, brick red, cherry red, Chinese red, chrome red, cinchona red, cinchonic red, Congo red, fire engine red, flowerpot red, Indian red, in the red, onion red, Panama Red, Paris red, phenol red, Pompeian red, postbox red, Red, Red Head, Red Range, sand red, strawberry red, traditional dry red, Turkey red, Tuscan red, Venetian red, wine red, wormred
Related terms: reddish, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, white
Hypernyms: color, hue, pigment
Meronyms: burnt umber, burgundy, maroon, sienna, amber, ginger, mahogany, salmon, sanguine, cerise, coral, magenta, mauve, rose

Red

adj

Communist.

the Red Army

Related to socialist or leftist politics.

By generalization

Dated, Ethnic, Offensive, Slur, Usually Native American.

the Red race

Derived terms: Redfella

red

adj

Etymology

10 senses

1Of a red hue.
2Having an orange-brown or orange-blond colour; ginger.
3Having a redder hue than usual due to embarrassment…
4Having a brown color.
5Of the hearts or diamonds suits. Compare black (“of the…
6Left-wing parties and movements, chiefly socialist or…
7The U.S. Republican Party.
8Amerind; relating to Amerindians or First Nations.
9Of the lower-frequency region of the (typically visible)…
10Of a red color charge.

Of a red hue.

The girl wore a red skirt.
He was wearing a red jacket.

2 more examples

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]. Epilogue.”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:
The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.1954 July 29, J.R.R. Tolkien, “I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:

Of hair Having an orange-brown or orange-blond colour; ginger.

Her hair had red highlights.

Of the skin Having a redder hue than usual due to embarrassment, anger, sunburn, etc.; flushed.

[T]he sun was shining on a happy crowd. It shone on white hats and red faces. It shone on ice lollies and melted them.1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 23:

Having a brown color.

Of a dog or its coat

Card games, Games Of a card Of the hearts or diamonds suits. Compare black (“of the spades or clubs suits”)

I got two red queens, and he got one of the black queens.

› Supportive of, related to, or dominated by a…

Government, Politics Capitalized, Often Left-wing parties and movements, chiefly socialist or communist, including the U.K. Labour party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

"Only Nixon could go to China" was the refrain of conventional wisdom during Richard Nixon’s 1972 official visit to Mao Tse-tung’s regime. Nixon’s anti-communist credentials, however dubious, provided useful camouflage as he opened diplomatic relations with Red China and made breathtaking concessions that an undisguised liberal couldn’t get away with. https://web.archive.org/web/20061114093022/http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1998/vo14no16/vo14no16_dragon.htm
the red-black grand coalition in Germany

Government, Politics US, Capitalized, Often The U.S. Republican Party.

a red state
a red Congress

Derogatory, Offensive Amerind; relating to Amerindians or First Nations.

All my friends are Indians / All my friends are brown and red1994, Soundgarden, Spoonman:

Astronomy, Natural sciences Of the lower-frequency region of the (typically visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is relevant in the specific observation.

Natural sciences, Physical sciences, Physics Particle Of a red color charge.

Synonyms: scarlet, crimson, vermilion, ruby-red, cherry-red, cerise, cardinal-red, carmine, wine-red, claret-red, blood-red, coral-red, cochineal-red, rose-red, brick-red, maroon, rust-red, rufous-red, gules-red, rufescent
Antonyms: nonred, unred, antired
Derived terms: 797 terms
Adrianople red, alizarin red, anti-red, apple red, arctic red jellyfish, arrest-me-red, ash-red, barn red, beetroot red, better dead than red, big red button, big red switch, bleed red ink, blood-red, blood-red fancy, blue-red, brick-red, cadmium red, Cambodian red, Canadian red pine, cardinal red, carmine red, carthamus red, catch red-handed, cherry-red, Christmas Island red crab, clap one's hands red, code red, code red drill, Cuban red macaw, cut red tape, dago red, dark red, dead-red, dwarf red-leaf plum, eastern red cedar, extrared, Ezo red fox, Falun red, Falu red, French red, give it a red-hot crack, Great Red Dragon, Great Red Spot, grey red-backed vole, Harlan's red-tailed hawk, Harrison red, Himalayan red bear, Idared, indigo red, infrared, infra-red, Irish red ale, kino red, Lincoln Red, little red dot, Little Red Riding Hood, Magdala red, Mexican red rump, Miss Waldron's red colobus, monored, Moroccan red, Morocco red, Mount Graham red squirrel, Murray red gum, Nantucket red, naphthalene red, Nile red, northern red-backed vole, northern red oak, Old Red Sandstone, overred, paint the town red, paranitraniline red, para red, Parliamentary red, picrosirius red, Prussian red, put on the red light, Quebec red trout, quinova red, ragged red fibers, raise red flags, ratanhia red, Red, red admirable, red admiral, red alder, red ale, red alert, red alga, red-and-green macaw, red and silver dewdrop, red ant, red antimony, red ape, red apple, Red Army, red arrow, red as a beetroot, red as a lobster, red ash, red-assed, red avadavat, red-backed fairywren, red-backed hawk, red-backed sea eagle, red-backed shrike, red-back, redback, red back, red bag, red bag delivery, red-bait, redbait, red-baiter, red-baiting, red ball, red banana, red band, red-banded sand wasp, red bandfish, red baneberry, Red Bank, red banner, red bay, Red Bay, red bayberry, Red Beach, red bean, red bean paste, red bean porridge, red beans and rice, red bean soup, Redbeard, redbed, red beet, red-bellied black snake, red-bellied piranha, red-bellied titi, red-bellied woodpecker, redbelly, redberry, red biddy, redbill, red-billed, red-billed gull, red-billed leiothrix, red-billed woodcreeper, red birch, red-bird, redbird, red-black tree, red-blood, red blood cell, red blood cell cast, red-blooded, red-bloodedness, Red Bluff, redbone, red book, red bourgeoisie, red box, red brass, redbreast, red-breasted flycatcher, red-breasted goose, red-breasted merganser, red-breasted sapsucker, red-brick, redbrick, red brick university, Redbridge, Red Brigades, red-browed finch, red-brown, red brush, redbud, redbug, red bug, red building paper, Red Bull, red burning skin syndrome, redbush, red button, red cabbage, red campion, red candle, redcap, red cap, red-capped, red-capped parrot, red car, red cardinal, red cardinal flower, red card, red-card, red-carpetful, red carpet, red-carpet, Redcastle, red caviar, red cedar, red cell, red cent, red chalk, red chamber, red-chested cuckoo, red chickweed, Red China, red chip, red chokeberry, red cholic, red circle rate, Red Cliffs, Red Cloud, red clover, red clump, Red Clydeside, red coat, redcoat, red-cockaded woodpecker, red codling, red colic, red-collared lorikeet, red-collared widowbird, red colobus, red-cook, red copper, red coral, red corpuscle, red cotton-tree, red cotton tree, Red Crescent, red-crested pochard, Red Cross, red crossbill, red crowberry, Red Crown, red-crowned crane, red cunt hair, red currant, red-currant, Red Current, red cypress, red daikon, red day, red dead man's fingers, red dead-nettle, red deer, red delicious, redden, red detuning, red-diaper, red diaper baby, red-diaper baby, red diesel, reddish, red dog, Red Dot, red drum, red dwarf, reddy, redear, red-eared slider, red-eared terrapin, red-eared turtle, red ear syndrome, red earth, red egg, red elm, red ensign, red envelope, Red Eye, redeyed, red-eyed, red-eye gravy, red eye, red-eye, redeye, redface, red-faced, red-faced cormorant, red face test, red factor canary, red-fan parrot, red fascism, red fascist, red fescue, red fever, Redfield, red figure, redfin, redfinch, red-finned shark, red-fin shark, red fir, red fire, redfish, Red Flag, red-flag, red flag day, red-flaggy, red flag in front of a bull, red flag knowledge, red flag law, red flag, red flag to a bull, red flag warning, Red Flames, red-flanked bluetail, red flour beetle, red flower, Redflower, red-flowering banana, red flying squid, red-footed falcon, red-footed tortoise, red force, red forest, Red Forest, red fox, red-fronted coot, red-fronted tinkerbird, red fuming nitric acid, red garra, red-gartered coot, red geyser, red geyser galaxy, red giant, red ginger, red gold, red goods, red goose, red grape, red-green-brown alliance, red-green color blindness, red-green colour blindness, red-green, red green, red grouse, Red Guard, red guard, redgum, red gum, red-gum, red gurnard, red hair, red hake, red-handed, red-handedly, red-handedness, red hat, Red Hatter, Red Hawke, redhead, red-headed Eskimo, red-headed honeyeater, red-headed, redheaded, red-headed stepchild, red-headed vulture, red-headed woodpecker, redheart, red heat, red Helen, red herring, red herring prospectus, Red Hill, Red Hills, Red Hill South, red hind, red hornweed, red horse, redhorse, red-hot minute, red-hot poker, red-hot, red hot, red huckleberry, red-humped caterpillar, red hydrogen, red imported fire ant, red ink, red-inker, red in the face, red in tooth and claw, red ironwood, red ivory, red jackal, red jade, red judge, red junglefowl, red juniper, red kangaroo, Red Ken, red king crab, red kite, red-knobbed coot, red knot, red kuri squash, Red Lake, Red Lake County, Red Lake Falls, red lane, red lead, red leaf, red Leb, redleg, red-legged cormorant, red-legged golden orb-weaver spider, red-legged grasshopper, red-legged partridge, red-legged tinamou, red-leg, red leg, Red Leicester, redless, red letter, red-letter, red letter date, red-letter day, red letter day, red-letter edition, red letter law, red licorice, red light, red-light camera, red light camera, red-light district, red light district, redline, red line, red-lined looper, Red Liner, red-line torpedo barb, redlink, red link, red-linked, red linnet, red lion, Red Lion, red lionfish, redlipped, red-lipped batfish, red liquor, red liquorice, Red List, red lives matter, Red Lodge, redly, red lynx, red magic lily, red-maids, red maids, red mammee, red mamey, red man, red manganese, red manganese oxide, red mange, red man syndrome, red maple, red marrow, red martyrdom, Red Mass, red mead, red measles, red meat, red meat radish, Red Mediterranean, red menace, red mercury, red mirage, red mist, red mite, red moki, red mongo, red monkey, redmouth, red mud, red mulberry, red mulga, red mullet, red mung bean, redneck, rednecked, red-necked buzzard, red-necked francolin, red-necked grebe, red-necked phalarope, red-necked stint, red-necked wallaby, red-necked woodpecker, red neck syndrome, red Ned, redness, red neuralgia, red-nigger, red nigger, red nightshade, red noise, rednosed, red-nose tetra, red notice, red nucleus, red nugget, red nugget galaxy, red oak, Red Oak, red oak tree, red ocher, red ochre, redology, red onion, redophile, red-orange, red orpiment, red osier, red osier dogwood, redout, red owl, red oxide, red oxygen, red packet, red panda, red pea, red-pencil, red penny, red pepper, red phalarope, red phosphorus, red pill, red pilled, red piller, red pine, red pipe, red piranha, red plague, red planet, red plum, red plum maggot, redpoint, red point, red-point, Red Poll, redpoll, red poppy, red porgy, red precipitate, red princess flower, red puccoon, red pudding, red pulp, red pumpkin bug, red pussy hair, red rag, red-ragger, red rag to a bull, red rail, red raspberry, red rat snake, red rattle, red rattler, red-red stew, red ribbon, red rice, red rider, red-rimmed, redrimmed, red ring, red ring disease, red ring of death, red ring skirt, red river hog, Red Rock, red rock crab, red rocket, red room, redroot, Red Rose of Lancaster, Red Roses, red rosin paper, red rot, red route, red-rumped parrot, red-rumped swallow, Red Russia, Red Russian kale, red sage, red salmon, red sanders, red sauce, Red Scar, red scare, red scarf, red sea, Red Sea, Red Sea Hills, red seaperch, redsear, red seaweed, red seaweed isopod, red setter, red-shafted flicker, red shale, red-shanked douc, redshank, red shank, red shift, redshift, redshirt, red shirt, red-shirt, red-short, red-shortness, red-shouldered hawk, red silky oak, red silver, red siskin, redskin onion, red skin syndrome, redskirt, red slaw, red slender loris, redsmith, red snake, red snapper, red snow, red sorrel, red spider, red spider lily, red spider mite, red spiral, red spiral galaxy, Red Spot, red spot disease, redspotted, red-spotted purple, red sprite, red spruce, red spurge, red squad, Red Square, red squid, red squill, red squirrel, Red Star, red-start, redstart, red state, red steenbras, redstem, Redstone, redstone, red strawberry tongue, redstreak, Red Stream, red string of fate, reds under the bed, red sunflower, red supergiant, red swampdragon, red tag, red-tagging, redtail, red tail disease, red-tailed black cockatoo, red-tailed black shark, red-tailed hawk, red-tailed phascogale, red tailed shark, red-tailed shrike, red-tailed squirrel, red-tailed tropicbird, red tanager, red tape, red-tapeism, red-tapism, red-tapist, red tea, red teamer, red-team, red team, red tegu, red terror, red-throat, redthroat, red-throated diver, red-throated loon, red-throated pipit, red-throated thrush, red-throated tit, red tide, red tiger, red time, red toad trillium, red-toothed, red-toothed shrew, red-top, red top, redtop, red-to-red, red tortoise cake, red tree vole, red triangle slug, red trillium, red turtle dove, redtwig, Red Ukrainian, red 'un, red under the bed, red-up, red up, red valerian, red-veined, red-veined darter, red-veined dock, red velvet, red velvet cake, red-velvet cake, red velvet mite, red vermouth, red vet pet, Red Vienna, red vitriol, Red Volta, red wall, redward, redwards, redware, redwash, redwashing, red wasp, red water, red wattlebird, red wave, redway, red wedding, redweed, red week, Red Wharf Bay, red whortleberry, red wiggler, Red Willow County, Red Willow Creek, red wine headache, Red Wing, red-winged blackbird, red-winged fairywren, red-winged parrot, red-winged tinamou, redwing, red-wing, red wings, red wolf, red won, redwood, redwork, redworm, red worm, red yeast rice, red zone, red-zone, river red gum, roll out the red carpet, rose red, rosy-red, rosy-red minnow, royal red prawn, ruby-red, ruby red, run a red light, ruthenium red, scared red, scarlet red, semired, Shasta red fir, sit dead-red, spaghetti red, Spanish red, spot-red, straight red, straight red card, take the red eye, take the red pill, tile red, turn a number of shades of red, turn on red, ultrared, unexpected red theory, violet red bile agar, we all bleed red, western red cedar, western red lily, worm red, yellow-red

Entry derived from the Wiktionary, under licence CC BY-SA 4.0 — authors: page histories for red, Red and RED.