This page gathers the 397 dictionary entries belonging to the domain “Statistics”, as labelled by Wiktionary. Each word leads to its full entry: definitions, etymology, pronunciation, examples. Page 2 of 4: from “deviation” to “mesokurtic”.
- deviation noun For interval variables and ratio variables, a measure of difference between the observed value and the mean.
- diffogram noun A diagram that uses diagonal lines to display the results of multiple pairwise difference of means tests.
- discordant adj Of figures, etc.: having opposite signs (for example, positive and negative).
- discrete variable noun A variable that takes values from a finite or countable set, such as the number of legs of an animal.
- distribution noun A probability distribution; the set of relative likelihoods that a variable will have a value in a given interval.
- distribution curve noun A graphical representation, usually as a curve, that shows how values in a data set are distributed.
- double descent noun The phenomenon where a model with few parameters and a model with many parameters have a small test error, but a model whose number of…
- downweight verb To give something a lower weight.
- effect noun An influence or causal association between two variables.
- effect size noun A measure of the strength or magnitude of the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable in an experiment or a…
- entropy noun A measure of the amount of information and noise present in a signal.
- ergodic adj Of or relating to a process in which every sequence or sample of sufficient size is equally representative of the whole.
- error noun The difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one.
- error function noun A sigmoid function giving the probability that a measurement, under the influence of normally distributed errors with standard deviation…
- excess kurtosis noun Kurtosis minus 3; the difference between the kurtosis of a given distribution and the kurtosis of a normal distribution.
- expectancy noun expectation; expected value
- expectation noun The first moment; the expected value; the long-run average value of a variable over many independent repetitions of an experiment.
- explanator noun A variable that predicts or explains the variation in another variable; an explanatory variable.
- exponential distribution noun Any of a class of continuous probability distributions used to model the time between events that occur independently at a constant average…
- extraneous variable noun A random variable that is not an independent variable and may bear any effect on the behaviour of the subject being studied.
- F distribution noun A probability distribution of the ratio of two variables, each with a chi-square distribution; used in analysis of variance, especially in…
- factor analysis noun A statistical method used to describe variability among observed correlated variables in terms of one or more unobserved variables (called…
- factored adj Having been subjected to, or resulting from a factor analysis.
- factorial table noun A tabular presentation of data used to show the influence of two independent categorical variables on a dependent variable.
- fair adj Of a coin or die, having equal chance of landing on any side, unbiased.
- fair coin noun A sequence of independent Bernoulli trials (a Bernoulli process) with probability 1/2 of success on each trial.
- false negative noun A type II error (“accepting the null hypothesis when it is false”).
- false positive noun A type I error.
- fat tail noun A tail of a probability distribution with significantly higher kurtosis than a normal distribution (which has kurtosis = 0).
- feature noun An individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed; the input of a model.
- Fermi-Dirac distribution function noun A function that states the probability of one of a set of independent fermions will occupy a given energy level when thermal equilibrium…
- fiducially adv Pertaining to or based on the correspondence between a parameter in a sample and the same parameter in the population from which the sample…
- Fisher information noun A measure of the amount of information that an observable random variable X carries about an unknown parameter θ of a distribution that…
- fit noun Goodness of fit.
- flatness noun slim-tailedness or platykurtosis.
- floor effect noun The phenomenon in which a data-gathering instrument has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify.
- forest plot noun A graphical display used in meta-analysis designed to illustrate the relative strength of treatment effects in multiple quantitative…
- fractile noun The value of a distribution for which some fraction of the sample lies below.
- frequency noun number of times an event occurred in an experiment (absolute frequency)
- frequency distribution noun a structured representation that summarizes how often values or categories occur within a dataset by organizing quantitative data into…
- funnel plot noun A scatterplot of effect size against a measure of study size or variability, used primarily as a visual aid to detecting and displaying…
- gambler's ruin noun The fact that a gambler playing a game with negative expected value will eventually go broke, regardless of the betting system used.
- gamma distribution noun Any of a family of two-parameter continuous probability distributions, of which the common exponential distribution and chi-square…
- Gaussian adj Normal.
- Gibbs measure noun A generalization of the canonical ensemble to infinite systems, giving the probability of a given system being in a given state (or…
- Gibbs sampling noun A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate…
- Gibbs state noun An equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system.
- Gini coefficient noun A measure of the inequality of a statistical distribution, ranging from 0 (total equality) to 1 (maximal inequality), used in various…
- Goodman and Kruskal's gamma noun A particular measure of rank correlation, i.e., the similarity of the orderings of the data when ranked by each of the quantities.
- graph noun A data chart (graphical representation of data) intended to illustrate the relationship between a set (or sets) of numbers (quantities…
- Gumbel distribution noun A model of the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.
- hazard ratio noun A measure of the chance of an event in one group compared to that of another at a particular time or over a subset of a study's time; the…
- heteroaddition noun The effect of the addition of two or more different agents
- heteroscedasticity noun The property of a series of random variables in having differing variances of residuals, instead of a uniform variance.
- hexadecile noun Any of the quantiles which divide an ordered sample population into sixteen equally numerous subsets; a subset thus obtained.
- hinge noun The median of the upper or lower half of a batch, sample, or probability distribution.
- histogram noun A graphical display of numerical data in the form of upright bars, with the area of each bar representing frequency.
- hockey stick noun A statistical trend in a graph of survey data in which most of the results are flat and then the graph suddenly peaks in a steep…
- hyperdistribution noun A parameterized set of probability distributions.
- hypergeometric distribution noun A discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of k "successes" in a sequence of n draws without replacement from a…
- ignorable adj Unrelated to the parameters being estimated
- imputation noun The process of replacing missing data with substituted values.
- impute verb To replace missing data with substituted values.
- individual noun An element belonging to a population.
- inferential statistics noun A branch of statistics studying statistical inference—drawing conclusions about a population from a random sample drawn from it, or, more…
- inlier noun A value that fits a pattern, rather than being an outlier.
- intermean adj Between mean averages.
- interquartile adj Between quartiles.
- interval variable noun An ordinal variable with the additional property that the magnitudes of the differences between two values are meaningful.
- intraobserver adj Describing variation in the scores, responses etc obtained by the same observer on different occasions
- item set noun A group of related items.
- Jaccard index noun A statistic for gauging the similarity and diversity of sample sets, based on the size of the intersection between the sets divided by the…
- jack-knife noun Alternative spelling of jackknife.
- jackknife noun A resampling method that applies estimators to all subsamples that each omit a single different group (possibly of a single datapoint) of…
- James-Stein estimator noun A particular estimator of the mean boldsymbol θ:=(θ₁,θ₂,…θₘ) for a multivariate random variable boldsymbol Y:=(Y_1,Y_2,…Y_m).
- kitchen sink regression noun A statistical regression which uses many possible independent variables to attempt to explain variance in a dependent variable.
- kurtosis noun A measure of "heaviness of the tails" of a probability distribution, defined as the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance…
- Laplace distribution noun A probability distribution consisting of two exponential distributions, one positive and one negative.
- latent noun An underlying cause that can be inferred from statistical correlations; factor.
- latent variable noun A variable that is not directly measured but is inferred by means of a mathematical model from one or more directly observed variables.
- law of averages noun The statistical tendency toward a fixed proportion in the results when an experiment is repeated a large number of times.
- leptokurtic adj Of a distribution: having kurtosis greater than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having positive excess kurtosis.
- leptokurtosis noun The property of having kurtosis greater than that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having positive excess kurtosis.
- level noun One of the specific values which may be taken by a categorical variable.
- leverage noun The distance of between an independent observation and other observations.
- likelihood noun The probability that some fixed outcome was generated by a random distribution with a specific parameter.
- logistic adj Relating to the logistic function.
- logseries noun A class of continuous probability distributions developed in 1943 by the English statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher to fit some…
- long tail noun The tail of a distribution that represents the rare occurrence of extreme values.
- Mann-Whitney U test noun A nonparametric test of the null hypothesis that the probability that a randomly selected value from one population is less than a randomly…
- margin of error noun An expression of the lack of precision in the results obtained from a sample.
- Markovian adj Exhibiting the Markov property, in which the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process, given the present state…
- mathematical statistics noun The study of statistics from a purely mathematical standpoint, using probability theory, measure theory, linear algebra and analysis.
- maximum noun The largest value of a batch or sample or the upper bound of a probability distribution.
- mean noun The average of a set of values, calculated by summing them together and dividing by the number of terms.
- measure of central tendency noun A measure of location for a batch, a sample, or a distribution characterizing a value around which are spread the members or the…
- measure of location noun A single number used to characterize a batch, sample, or distribution or the position of an element of it.
- median noun A number separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, population, or probability distribution. The median of a finite…
- Mellin transform noun An integral transform that may be regarded as the multiplicative version of the two-sided Laplace transform.
- mesokurtic adj Of a distribution: having kurtosis equal to that of a normal distribution; equivalently, having zero excess kurtosis.