under

prep, adv, adj and 1 more — 21 senses

under

prep

UK /ˈʌndə/ · US /ˈʌndɚ/

Etymology From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér (“under”) and *h₁entér (“inside”). Cognate with German unter, Dutch onder, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish under, Faroese and Icelandic undir; also Old High German untar (“under”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”).

9 senses
  1. 1Beneath; below; at or to the bottom of, or the area…
  2. 2Below the surface of.
  3. 3From one side of to the other, passing beneath.
  4. 4Less than.
  5. 5Subject to.
  6. 6Subordinate to; subject to the control of; in accordance…
  7. 7Within the category, classification or heading of.
  8. 8In the face of; in response to (some attacking force).
  9. 9Using or adopting (a name, identity, etc.).
1

Beneath; below; at or to the bottom of, or the area covered or surmounted by.

  • We found some shade under a tree.
  • Quick, stuff the cash under the mattress!
4 more examples
  • There is nothing new under the sun.
  • There is an oil leak under the car.
  • The little boys in the front bedroom had thrown off their blankets and lay under the sheets.1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC:
  • Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall. Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime.1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:
2

Below the surface of.

  • Who lives in a pineapple under the sea? SpongeBob SquarePants!1998, “SpongeBob SquarePants Theme”, in Stephen Hillenburg, Derek Drymon (lyrics), SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights:
3

From one side of to the other, passing beneath.

  • I crawled under the fence.
  • There is a tunnel under the English Channel.
4

Less than.

  • Interest rates are now under 1%.
  • We can get there in under an hour.
1 more example
  • If you're under age 55 or so, urinary symptoms may be the result of inflammation of the prostate, called prostatitis.2026, Kevin Dupzyk, “The Semi-Complete User's Guide to Your Prostate”, in Men's Health, volume 41, number 2, page 21:
5

Subject to.

  • We were constantly under bombardment.
  • I can't live under these circumstances.
1 more example
  • The matter is under investigation.
6

Subordinate to; subject to the control of; in accordance with; in compliance with.

  • He served in World War II under General Omar Bradley.
  • During the pandemic, we had to live under severe restrictions.
4 more examples
  • Under the law and concession agreement with other parties, the private company must pay taxes in time and on a right amount.
  • There is general agreement that his military forces were organized into six divisions. They were stationed at the following places: at Ti-hua under the command of Liu Hsi-tsen, at T'a-ch'eng under Chiang Sung-lin, at Ili under Niu Shih, at A-shan under Wei Chen-kuo, at A-k'o-su under Chang Tzu-t'ing, and at Ko-shih-ko-erh (Kashgar) nominally under Tsou-ying, but in reality under Chin's brother, Chin Shu-chih.1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr., Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949, Garland Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 62:
  • He was then denied by a magnificent tackle from captain Terry as Liverpool continued to press - but Chelsea survived as the memories of the nightmare under Villas-Boas faded even further into the background.2012 May 5, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:
  • Dati launched a blistering attack on the prime minister, François Fillon, under whom she served as justice minister, accusing him of sexism, elitism, arrogance and hindering the political advancement of ethnic minorities.2011 December 14, Angelique Chrisafis, “Rachida Dati accuses French PM of sexism and elitism”, in Guardian:
7

Within the category, classification or heading of.

  • I talked Mom into letting me drop out of Girl Scouts and the Marian [redacted]. Let's just put that under "Unsuccessful Challenge."1965 January 13, Lou Sullivan, Diary:
  • File this under "i" for "ignore".
8

Figuratively In the face of; in response to (some attacking force).

  • England's World Cup dreams fell apart under a French onslaught on a night when their shortcomings were brutally exposed at the quarter-final stage.2011, Tom Fordyce, Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France:
  • to collapse under stress; to give in under interrogation
9

Using or adopting (a name, identity, etc.).

  • J.K. Rowling has written a crime novel called 'The Cuckoo's Calling' under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith.2013, The Huffington Post, JK Rowling Pseudonym: Robert Galbraith's 'The Cuckoo's Calling' Is Actually By Harry Potter Author:
  • He writes books under the name John Smith.
1 more example
  • She now lives under a new identity.
Synonyms
below, beneath, underneath
Antonyms
above, over

under

adv

Etymology From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér (“under”) and *h₁entér (“inside”). Cognate with German unter, Dutch onder, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish under, Faroese and Icelandic undir; also Old High German untar (“under”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”).

1

In or to a lower or subordinate position, or a position beneath or below something, physically or figuratively.

  • pulled under by the currents
  • weighed under by worry
1 more example
  • The minstrel fell, but the foeman's chain / Could not bring his proud soul under.1825, Thomas Moore, The Minster Boy:
2

So as to pass beneath something.

  • There's quite a gap, so you may be able to sneak under.
3

In compounds, Usually Less than what is necessary to be adequate or suitable; insufficient.

  • The plants were underwatered.
  • Women are under-represented.
4

Informal In or into an unconscious state.

  • It took the hypnotist several minutes to make his subject go under.
5

Down to defeat, ruin, or death.

  • The COVID-19 epidemic and shutdown took some businesses under.
  • Big-box store and online retailing have driven many specialty and local retail stores under.
Synonyms
below, beneath
Antonyms
above, over

under

adj

Etymology From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér (“under”) and *h₁entér (“inside”). Cognate with German unter, Dutch onder, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish under, Faroese and Icelandic undir; also Old High German untar (“under”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”).

1

Lower; beneath something.

  • This treatment protects the under portion of the car from rust.
  • (in compounds) underbelly, underside, undershirt, undersecretary
3 more examples
  • The advantages he gains are of double security to him ; first, by the support of his haunches, being at all times more under than before, he learns to be more active with his hind-quarters1835, J G. Peters, A treatise on equitation, or the art of horsemanship, page 179:
  • If you allow the right hand to turn under more than the left, a pull will result, and if the left is more under than the right, a sliced ball will surely follow.1908, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles, The American golfer, volumes 1-2, page 10:
  • The waves are so steep, they crash so fast and furious I'm more under than up.2009, Doris Lessing, Briefing for a Descent Into Hell, page 30:
2

In a state of subordination, submission or defeat.

  • The army could not keep the people under.
  • I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection.1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians ix:27:
1 more example
  • When ready for sea we went up to Greenhithe, that their lordships might inspect us, and then to Portsmouth, to take troops to Cork, a pleasant trip; but the troops left us a legacy of "mahogany flats," with which their beds were so swarming that we never got them under.1892, Sir George Giffard, Reminiscences of a Naval Officer, page 45:
3

Medicine, Sciences Colloquial Under anesthesia, especially general anesthesia; sedated.

  • Ensure the patient is sufficiently under.
  • To the anesthetist Moynihan said, “Have a look down the hall, will you, and see if the nurse has the bed ready. And leave the doors open when you come back so we can carry him through. Send anybody but the nurse away. Then come back and give us a hand with him. Not that he’s so heavy . . .” And then to Matthew, “He’s so far under I’m going to wait a bit for the hypo.”1968, Agatha Young, chapter 44, in I Swear by Apollo, New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 461:
2 more examples
  • She can’t hear us. She’s so far under, that her sensory receptors aren’t working. Her brain regions that regulate waking consciousness and dreaming are shut down. No electrical activity. Only numbness and forgetting.2007, John Likides, chapter 14, in Infinite Sustain, [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 225:
  • “Sam, can we see Pop now?” “Sure Kathy, but he’s been sedated and he’s on morphine to control the pain. He won’t be coherent and he might not recognize any of us.” […] “Dad, we’re here. We came to see you.” There was no response. “Pop, we’re here to see you.” “I guess he’s too far under to recognize us.[…]”2009, John W. Mangum, chapter 9, in Full Circle: 360°’s of Life, Sonoita, Ariz.: Running Iron Press, →ISBN, page 83:
4

Informal Having a particular property that is low, especially so as to be insufficient or lacking in a particular respect.

  • This chicken is a bit under.
  • This bag of apples feels under.
2 more examples
  • My pay packet last week was £10 under.
  • My round of golf today was three under.
Derived terms
302 termsam I under arrest, Ascott-under-Wychwood, Ashton under Hill, Ashton-under-Lyne, bag under one's eye, bag under the eye, Barton-under-Needwood, Blymhill and Weston-under-Lizard, bob under, Boughton under Blean, bring under, brush something under the carpet, brush something under the rug, bubble under, buckle under, build a fire under, burr under one's saddle, buy out from under, chicken under a brick, come under, crossunder, cut the ground from under someone's feet, cut under, device under test, dive-under, double-under, down under, draw a line under, drink someone under the table, drink under, drink under the table, driving under the influence, dunder, Eaton-under-Heywood, everything under the sun, fall under, five-and-under, fly-under, flyunder, fly under the radar, fold under zero pressure, fromunda cheese, gazunder, get out from under, get under it, get under one's goat, get under someone's goat, get under someone's skin, go under, have had one's day under the sun, hereinunder, hereunder, herring under a fur coat, hide one's light under a bushel, Hope under Dinmore, hot under the collar, interview under caution, keep under, knock under, knuckle under, land down under, land under, let the grass grow under one's feet, light a fire under, live under a rock, lock under, look under rocks, makeunder, Milton-under-Wychwood, monster under the bed, Newcastle-under-Lyme, nothing new under the sun, one can't carry two watermelons under one arm, one under, over and under, over-and-under, over-under, pass under the yoke, patient under investigation, person under train, plough under, plow under, pop-under, Preston-under-Scar, pull the rug out from under, push under, put one's legs under someone's mahogany, put someone under, put someone under the screw, put under, red under the bed, rollunder, sail under false colors, sell out from under, Shipton-under-Wychwood, Simple Simon under, sit under, six feet under, sleep under the same bridge, slip under, slip under the radar, snowed under, snow under, squeeze under, stand from under, stand under, Stanton under Bardon, suck under, Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe, sweep something under the carpet, sweep something under the rug, take-under, take under, take under advisement, talk someone under the table, the darkest place is under the candlestick, thereinunder, there is nothing new under the sun, thereunder, throw under a bus, throw under the bus, time under tension, triple-under, turn under, under-accommodate, under-accommodated, under-accommodating, under-accommodation, underachieve, under a cloud, underage, under a lucky star, under and over, under-approximate, under-approximation, underarm, under arms, under arrest, under a spell, under-attend, under-attended, under-awed, underbody, under boob, underbrow, under canvas, under-carter, under center, underclothes, under clothes, under construction, under control, under correction, undercover, under cover, undercurrent, undercut, under-diversification, under-diversify, under-dose, under-educated, under-endowed, under erasure, under-extension, under-eye, undereye, under-eye bag, under fire, under-fired, underflush, under glass, under ground, underground, under-grounder, under hack, underhand, under-handed, underhanded, under-handedly, under-handedness, under hatches, under-hedging, Underhill, under-kimono, underlinen, underling, under lock and key, underly, under-manager, undermost, underneath, underness, under no circumstance, under no circumstances, under oath, under one roof, under one's arm, under one's belt, under one's breath, under one's feet, under one's hand, under one's hat, under one's own steam, under one's thumb, under one's very eyes, under one's very nose, under one's wing, under over, under-oxygenated, under pain of, under par, under-petticoat, under protest, under-punctuation, underpuppy, underrate, underreport, under-represent, under-representation, under-represented, underresource, under-resourced, under-ripe, underrobe, under sail, under seal, under-sergeant, under-served, undersheet, under someone's nose, under someone's roof, under-spur-leather, under square, understander, under-stander, under-steward, under-tenant, undertext, under the auspices of, under the bootheel of, under the breath, under the carpet, under the cosh, under-the-counter, under the counter, under the covers, under the fist of, under the gun, under the hammer, under the hood, under the illusion, under the impression, under the influence, under the jail, under the knife, under the lee, under the loupe, under the magnifying glass, under the mahogany, under the microscope, under the pump, under the radar, under the rose, under the rug, under the rule, under the saya, under the sheets, under the spotlight, under the stars, under the sun, under the surface, under-the-table, under the table, under the weather, under the wire, under the yoke, underthigh, underthought, undertie, undertow, under tow, under-trial, undertrial, under water, underwater, underway, under way, under weigh, underwing, underwise, underworld, under wraps, up-and-under, up and under, voice-under, water under the bridge, Weston-under-Lizard, Weston under Penyard, Weston-under-Redcastle, whereunder, Wotton-under-Edge, under-

under

noun

Etymology From Middle English under, from Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *(H)n̥dʰér (“under”) and *h₁entér (“inside”). Cognate with German unter, Dutch onder, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish under, Faroese and Icelandic undir; also Old High German untar (“under”), Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”).

1

The amount by which an actual total is less than the expected or required amount.

  • […] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs or unders.2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch, The Principles and Practice of Auditing, page 609:
2

Informal Something having a particular property that is low or too low.

  • I went fishing but caught nothing but unders.
  • Usually I am at least ten over on that course, but I have shot a couple of unders.
3

Gambling, Games A bet that a particular sporting statistic, such as points scored in a game, will be below a certain stated value.

Entry derived from the Wiktionary, under licence CC BY-SA 4.0 — list of authors.