Form HAVE-EN + ∅/s
1Accomplished action → notional logical consequence
The action is finished and we focus on the resulting state in the present. The consequence is "notional" (= tied to the meaning of the verb): it is necessary and follows naturally from the completion of the action.
- She has repaired the car. (the car is repaired now)
- He has signed the contract. (the contract is signed)
2Assessment
We take stock of a situation from a past moment up to the present — often with for and since.
- I have known her for ten years. (for + duration)
- He has lived in Paris since 2015. (since + starting point)
3Experience acquired by the subject
- I have never been to Japan.
- She has met the President twice.
4Explanation
An observation made at the moment of speaking is explained by a verb in the present perfect simple (a past, non-completed action of current relevance). The adverb because could be inserted to make this value explicit.
- He can't walk. He has broken his leg.
- She is crying. She has just heard bad news.
5Hot news
We announce a recent event — often with just, already, yet.
- The president has just resigned.
- They have finally found a cure.